Researchers analysed thousands of laboratory-made plasmids and discovered that nearly half of them had defects, raising questions of experimental reproducibility.
FDA Mitochondrial Transfer Letter Signatories
February 18, 2014
To the FDA Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies Advisory Committee:
We are writing regarding the upcoming public meeting on “oocyte modification in assisted reproduction for the prevention of transmission of mitochondrial disease or treatment of infertility.”
We strongly believe that clinical trials of oocyte modification for mitochondrial disease (also referred to as mitochondrial replacement techniques) should not be permitted because of the profound safety, efficacy, policy and social problems they would pose. We question the ethics of bringing children into existence by experimental techniques that have had developmentally poor outcomes in studies using both animal and human oocytes.We are also concerned about the contravention of widespread prohibitions against human germline genetic modification that approval of clinical trials would represent, and about the possible precedent such approval could set for additional human germline modifications.
Scientific understanding of the complex interaction between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, and of the role of epigenetics on an individual’s phenotypic traits, is still at an early stage. Constructing an oocyte using one woman's enucleated egg and the chromosomes from the egg of a second woman would be an evolutionarily unprecedented experiment that is more akin to somatic cell nuclear transfer than to conventional in vitro fertilization. Noted scientists[i] have argued that it is unlikely that such an invasive procedure could be undertaken without causing unforeseen damage. Unintended harms could manifest at any point in the lives of resulting children; subsequent generations would be at risk as well.
We sympathize with women who place a high importance on having children genetically related to them. But we note that the number of women who would be candidates for the techniques in question is quite small. While about one in 5-10,000 people suffer from mitochondrial diseases, only about 15% of mitochondrial disease is caused solely by mitochondrial DNA mutations; the rest is associated with nuclear DNA variants and how they interact with mitochondria. Oocyte modification would be of no help in these cases.
Even for the handful of candidates for this procedure, a safer alternative exists<. Because women can produce eggs with varying degrees of mitochondrial mutations, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is proving to be effective for screening embryos resulting from in vitro fertilization to identify those with low risk.[ii]
Finally, oocyte modification should not proceed because it constitutes human germline modification. More than 40 countries, including those with the most highly developed biomedical sectors, have adopted policies on human germline modification, and all of these have prohibited it. This emerging global policy consensus has been supported by the major international biomedical and bioethical organizations and councils. We believe that it would be unconscionable for the United States to unilaterally cross this bright technical and policy line that has been observed internationally for decades.
We appreciate the distinction between the proposed techniques and attempts to control traits associated with nuclear DNA. However, many who have carefully examined these issues recognize that allowing one form of germline intervention could make it prohibitively difficult to prevent subsequent applications intended to modify cosmetic, behavioral, cognitive or other phenotypic traits. This understanding, and the concern it raises about a new era of eugenic engineering, is the basis for the widespread agreement to forego human germline modification.
Considering and weighing the benefits of oocyte modification for mitochondrial disease to a small number of people who want a genetically related child, the existence of alternatives for them to achieve this, and the techniques’ significant safety risks and profoundly disturbing societal implications, we believe that the case for maintaining the current proscriptions on human germline genetic modification is clear. We strongly urge the FDA not to allow the techniques under consideration to move to human clinical trial.
[i] See, for example, “Nuclear transfer to prevent mitochondrial DNA diseases,” J Poulton, S Kennedy, P Oakeshott, J St John, The Lancet, Volume 368, Issue 9538, Page 841, 2 September 2006; and “Mitochondrial Replacement, Evolution, and the Clinic and," Klaus Reinhardt, Damian K. Dowling, Edward H. Morrow, Science, VOL 341 20, September 2013.
[ii] “Preimplantation genetic diagnosis in mitochondrial DNA disorders: challenge and success,” Sallevelt SC, Dreesen JC, Drüsedau M, Spierts S, Coonen E, van Tienen FH, van Golde RJ, de Coo IF, Geraedts JP, de Die-Smulders CE, Smeets HJ., J Med Genet. 2013 Feb; 50(2):125-32. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101172.
This letter was prepared by the Center for Genetics and Society and the Center for Technology Assessment of the Center for Food Safety.
Enola Aird,, Mothers for a Human Future, Cheshire, Connecticut, United States
Alana Cattapan,, Dalhousie University , Halifax, , Canada
Trudo Lemmens,, University of Toronto, Toronto, , Canada
Sam Mellon,, , albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
Alice Narey,, University of Manchester, Manchester, , United Kingdom
Osagie Obasogie,, University of California, Hastings, Berkeley , California, United States
Emily Smith Beitiks,, Paul K. Longmore Institute on Disability, SF State University, San Francisco, California, United States
Emily Stehr,, Law offices of Lawless & Lawless, San Francisco, California, United States
Joan Almon,, , College Park, Maryland, United States
John Amodio,, , Sacramento, California, United States
Brenda Asterino,, American Citizen, Renton, Washington, United States
Stavros Baloyannis,, Aristotelian University, THESSALONIKI, , Greece
talma bar-din,, isha le isha , haifa, , Israel
Jeanine Barsamian,, , Princeton, New Jersey, United States
Diane Beeson,, Alliance For Humane Biotechnology, Berkeley, California, United States
Gomer Ben Moshe,, , Kibbutz Hanita, , Israel
Ruha Benjamin,, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Philip Bereano,, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
Susan Berke Fogel,, Pro-Choice Alliance for Responsible Research,
Deborah Bolnick,, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
Michele Brill-Edwards,, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, , Canada
Kenneth Carder,, , Chapin, South Carolina, United States
Emily Choge,, Moi University, Decatur, Georgia, United States
Francine Coeytaux,, Pro-Choice Alliance for Responsible Research,
Jessica Cussins,, Center for Genetics and Society, Berkeley, California, United States
Daisy Deomampo,, Fordham University, Bronx, New York, United States
Donna Dickenson,, University of London, Oxford, , United Kingdom
Justine Durrell,, Alliance for Humane Biotechnology, San Rafael, California, United States
James E. Stevens,, Alliance For Humane Biotechnology, San Francisco, California, United States
carol edwards,, Gateway Community College, Niantic, Connecticut, United States
Jill Escher,, Escher Fund for Autism, San Jose, California, United States
Hedva Eyal,, Isha L’Isha, Haifa, , Israel
Gabriella Foe,, , New York, New York, United States
Alexander Gaguine,, Appleton Foundation, Santa Cruz, California, United States
Charles Garzon,, Center for Genetics and Society, Berkeley, California, United States
Mary Gentry,, , Olney, , United States
Debra Greenfield,, UCLA Institute for Society and Genetics, Los Angeles, California, United States
Nancy Hansen,, , Port Orchard, Washington, United States
Jaydee Hanson,, International Center for Technology Assessment,
Richard Hayes,, University of California, Berkeley , San Francisco , California, United States
Diane Heath,, , Bend, Oregon, United States
Dr. Heike Knops,, Ev Kirche, Uedem, , Germany
Elizabeth Hilton,, , New Haven, Connecticut, United States
Gygi Jennings,, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
Jonathan Kahn,, Hamline University School of Law, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States
Eunice Kamaara,, Moi University, ELDORET, , Kenya
Jon Knowles,, , Oakkland, California, United States
Wendy Kramer,, Donor Sibling Registry, Nederland, Colorado, United States
Donald Light,, Harvard University - Center for Ethics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Abby Lippman,, McGill University, Montreal, , Canada
Douglas Long,, , Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
Gina Maranto,, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
Steve May,, Fund for Genetic Equity, Cohasset, Massachusetts, United States
Philip McManus,, , Santa Cruz, California, United States
Gail Nebenzahl,, , San Francisco, California, United States
Stuart Newman,, New York Medical College, , ,
Barbara Nicholson,, , Nashville, Tennessee, United States
Judy Norsigian,, Our Bodies Ourselves, , ,
Peggy O'Mara,, , , ,
Mariann-Bassey Orovwuje,, Environmental Rights Action/Friends of the Earth Nigeria, Abuja, , Nigeria
Douglas Pet,, East Bay Innovations, Berkeley , California, United States
Julia Petuhova,, , Riga, ,
Loretta Pleasant-Jones,, Olney, Maryland, United States
Catherine Powell,, Alliance For Humane Biotechnology, San Francisco, California, United States
Linda Pridem,, , Chicago, Illinois, United States
David Radcliff,, New Community Project, Peoria, Arizona, United States
Christopher Reilly,, , Stafford, Virginia, United States
Milton Reynolds,, Facing History And Ourselves, San Leandro, California, United States
Dorothy Roberts,, University of Pennsylvania, , ,
Tim Rochte,, Trinity United Methodist Church and Society Commission, Los Osos, California, United States
Blair Sandler,, , San Francisco, California, United States
Michal Schonbrun,, Natural Fertility, Jerusalem, , Israel
Yael Schwartz,, , Poughkeepsie, New York, United States
Carmel Shalev,, Haifa University, Haifa, , Israel
Pete Shanks,, , , ,
Stephen Shmanske,, California State University, East Bay, Berkeley, California, United States
Evelyne Shuster,, University of Pennsylvania/ VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Tina Stevens,, San Francisco State University, ,
Veit Stumpenhausen,, Limeira, , Brazil
Charis Thompson,, London School of Ecomoncis; University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
Jodi Tristano,, , Cleveland, Ohio, United States
Shauna Tucker,, , Waterbury, Connecticut, United States
Diane Turner,, , Hamden, Connecticut, United States
Uta Wagenmann,, Gen-ethical Network, Berlin, , Germany
Pat Watkins,, Caretakers of God's Creation, New York, New York, United States
Sally Whelan,, Our Bodies Ourselves, , ,
David Winickoff,, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
Susan Wright,, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States
Jane Yett,, Women Donors Network, Santa Cruz, California, United States