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J. Craig Venter, a biologist and brash entrepreneur, started a recent day with a bowl of oatmeal and skim milk. Since he is genetically predisposed to heart disease, he added "just a little" brown sugar. By the end of the day, Dr. Venter was informed he's got a gene that quadruples his risk of going blind.

Life can be that way when you study your own DNA.

Dr. Venter, 60 years old, is best known for his role in the scientific fight to be the first to decipher the full sequence of the human genome, the billions of DNA letters, or chemical building blocks, that make up the average human's genetic code. In the late 1990s, he headed a private company, Celera Genomics, which tried to finish the task before the Human Genome Project, a public-sector effort paid for by the U.S. government and others. Both sides reached a negotiated "tie" announced by the White House in 2000.

After Dr. Venter was ousted by Celera, in a dispute over business strategy, he revealed a big secret. More than half the...