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Sitting in the center of a queen-size bed, five-month-old Justin (not his real name) looks like a typical infant. But the story of how he came to enter the world is unconventional.
Two years ago his biological parents grew increasingly desperate to have their first child, after eight failed in-vitro fertilization cycles over three years in Singapore. Although their doctor urged them to give up, they persisted, and their efforts led them to neighboring Malaysia, where a few clinics offer assisted reproductive technology services that are restricted elsewhere, including in Singapore.
An embryo created from her egg and his sperm was implanted into the uterus of an Indonesian woman, the host mother, to whom the couple paid 20,000 Singapore dollars ($14,200). The surrogate mother carried Justin for nine months, and in July gave birth to him, though Linda, the biological mother, does not want to say where. More than four years after their first attempt, the couple had become parents.
Linda (not her real name) described the day her son was born. "I was...