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The price for a single vial of sperm in the fertility market goes for anything between $370 to $890 dollars. That cost only covers the sperm itself, whereas the browsing, freezing, storing, reheating, inserting, and inseminating all have their own steep costs. While some elements of the process are covered by insurance, the cost of actual sperm always comes out of pocket.

"There are charges for every step but people are completely invested, so they're willing to pay for whatever they have to do," says Carly, a mother of two who conceived using a sperm donor.

"We screen thousands and thousands of men at our five locations," says Dr. Michelle Ottey, the Laboratory Director at Fairfax Cryobank in Virginia. "And only about one percent of them actually make it through.Statistically, it's harder to get into the sperm donor program at Fairfax than it is to get admitted to an Ivy League school." It's not just the quality control of the sperm that drives up costs, Ottey adds, the packaging of who the sperm belongs to is also folded into the...